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“It’s an important time of year to be paying attention to cover crop moisture. A little bit of management in the spring can go a long way for optimum results and avoiding problems…”
— Rob Myers, Director, Center for Regenerative Agriculture at University of Missouri
For this episode of the Cover Crop Strategies Podcast, brought to you by Sound Agriculture, listen to a conversation with Rob Myers, director for the Center for Regenerative Agriculture at University of Missouri.
Myers discusses timely cover crop considerations for spring such as species selection, termination timing, grazing options and much more.
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Full Transcript
Mackane Vogel:Welcome to the Cover Crop Strategies Podcast, brought to you by Sound Agriculture. I'm Mackane Vogel, associate editor of Cover Crop Strategies. In today's episode, listen to a conversation with Rob Myers, director for the Center for Regenerative Agriculture at University of Missouri. Myers discusses timely cover crop considerations for spring, such as species selection, termination timing, grazing options, and much more.
All right, it's my pleasure to welcome back onto the Cover Crop Strategies Podcast, Rob Myers. Rob, I know you've been on the show with us in years past, and recently participated in some webinars with us. So most of the audience probably familiar with you, but just in case they're not, why don't you just introduce yourself and give a little bit of background about your role in the world of agriculture these days?
Rob Myers:Yeah, thanks for having me. Rob Myers, University of Missouri, I'm an agronomist here and have worked in the Midwest most of my life. Grew up on a farm in Illinois, that I still help manage, which is 100% cover cropped, I'm happy to say. And have been working with cover crops for the better part of 30 years, including a lot of agriculture extension work and some research trials, including running a National Cover Crop Survey with farmers. And as you know, wrote a book on cover crops called Cover Crops: Improving Life on the Land.
Mackane Vogel:All right, and we'll kind of get right into it today. I think our discussion is mainly going to be focused on the time of year we're in right now. It's almost springtime, which is hard to believe we're almost there. But I'm certainly excited about it. I'm sure a lot of other folks are ready to put the cold weather and snow behind us. But let's talk a little bit about cover crop management tips for the spring as we approach March and April here. I want to start by talking about something I saw online the other day, which is a certain grower mentioned it was around 20 degrees and there was still some snow on his field and maybe some frozen conditions, but kind of wanted to get going on seeding some stuff just because he wanted to avoid overly wet conditions I guess once the snow melted and all that sort of thing. But keeping that sort of thing in mind for growers who are dealing with conditions like that, do we want to get out there right away? Do we want to wait? What's best practice there, would you say?
Rob Myers:Well, at this particular time of the year for much of the region where we'd use cover crops, one thing we think about is do we have stands that didn't get established in the fall or maybe in some cases winter conditions killed? So often people think the only time to plant the cover crop is in the fall, but we've seen farmers have really good success with early spring seeding and there's a couple of approaches to that.
One is the age-old method of frost seeding, which kind of is what you're describing when you've got snow on the ground, that works pretty well to go out and broadcast certain types of cover crop seed. Legumes can work pretty well, such as clovers and vetches. Some of the spring cereals, like spring oats can be done at that time. And we can actually get quite a bit of growth just even during April and early May.
Now, May we will have a lot more growth correspondingly than April, if we can delay terminating a spring cover crop until like mid-May, depending on where we're at, of course. If you're farther south you could get started earlier. So frost seeding when the snow's on the ground or we've got some moisture, even if there is no snow, can be something to think about.
The other option for spring seeding is I've had good success coming in with a grain draw as soon as the conditions allow. So where I'm at in Missouri, that's often the last week of March or first week of April. Of course if you're farther south you could be potentially going earlier in March. If you're further north you might be a little more into April. But I've had really good success with spring seeding of crimson clover, Austrian winter peas, hairy vetch can do okay with spring seeding, again, oats. There's really a variety of things that can be spring seeded and still give us some benefits for both wheat control, nitrogen fixation, and just providing some soil protection since spring is often our most erosive period in terms of soil erosion.
Mackane Vogel:Yeah, absolutely. Good tips there. And you talk about termination timing. I guess what's kind of the latest overall thought process there on the best way to terminate cover crops these days?
Rob Myers:Yeah, I kind of break it into three categories. So if you've got somebody that's pretty new to cover cropping, it's certainly more comfortable in a safer strategy to terminate pretty early. So we want to wait until that cover crop is actively growing. So I wouldn't go out and spray right now for sure unless you're way down in Florida or something, but we don't want that cover crop to be actively growing. So for a lot of our cover crops, that means the ground is unfrozen, we've got temperatures that are at least in the 50s, it helps to have good sunshine. And then we have enough active growth that we can spray. Normally you're seeing that cover crop start to green up. So that early termination can be a good safe strategy for somebody that's just kind of getting their feet wet with cover crops.
Now, if it's somebody that's got some experience, and many of your listeners would know this, that's where we can start to think about taking that cover crop longer. With two caveats. One is if we're having a dry spring, we still want to think about terminating early regardless of your amount of experience, because there's no question that a growing cover crop in a truly dry spring can make the moisture situation in the short-term worse. Now the long-term situation with cover crops and soil moisture is on the positive side, but that's another story. So if it's dry, terminate early. If you're new to cover crop, terminate early.
But let's say you've got some good moisture and you've got somebody with some experience with cover crops. That's where I do think there's merit in looking at later termination. It's kind of interesting that there is a dilemma, which is like if you're thinking, "Okay, well I want the cover crop," let's say it's cereal rye, "to grow more than just a few inches tall, so maybe I'll kill it when it's a foot or two tall," we run into a couple things. One is the rye can grow pretty quickly and if it's a wet rainy period, it might be hard to get out there and terminate it exactly when we want. But even if, let's say, you did spray it when it was two feet tall and then it turned rainy, you could run into a situation where you've got kind of a wet mat of a lot of cover crop biomass and it's hard to come in with a corn or a soybean planter and plant into that. It ends up delaying planting of our spring crop.
So I feel like it's best to really go one of two directions, to terminate early or if you're going to, "Let's keep that cover crop going longer," wait until you're ready to go in the field with that commodity crop. You could spray the same day you're rolling into the field to plant or get it planted in what we call planting green, when that cover crop is still alive and then terminate. That's really going to be safer than getting caught in a situation where you've got kind of a wet mat or cover crop and you haven't planted your cash crop yet. So that planting green is proving effective for a lot of farmers with experience. But we could talk about some of the pros and cons and challenges of that too.
Mackane Vogel:Yeah, I certainly want to get into that. Before we do, I want to dial it back to something you said a few minutes ago, which was if you're having a dry spring, maybe it's time to terminate and just get in there and get rid of it. But how long can you afford to wait? Or I guess when is it time to decide that it really is a dry spring and you can't afford to wait any longer for rainfall?
Rob Myers:I go both by what kind of soil moisture do we have at that moment in time, but also the long-term weather forecast. Now, we know weather forecasting is not perfect, of course, and so you have to kind of be cautious in how much you read into that long-term forecast. But if the soil is already dry and there's not much precipitation forecast in the next two weeks, then yeah, I would lean heavily towards going ahead and terminating most of my cover crop. Now, there could be reasons you're keeping it longer, you're grazing that cover crop or you're really wanting it for some extra nitrogen fixation, but you have to be cautious if it's a particularly dry situation, for sure.
Mackane Vogel:You mentioned letting cover crops grow a little bit longer is also an option in certain situations. Is that maybe a good time to consider a roller crimper as a method of termination as well? I feel like that's a method that's getting more and more popular. What can you tell us about roller crimping?
Rob Myers:Yeah, I think probably a lot of your listeners are familiar with roller crimpers, but if you're not, it's simply a roller that's typically pulled by the tractor. Occasionally they're mounted on the front of the tractor. And that roller has these fluted metal edges that help crimp the stem of the growing cover crop. So it kind of breaks what we would call the vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem on that tissue. You can try just a regular roller, but having those ones that have the metal flutes or edges works better to break that stem and it'll kill that cover crop.
Now there's some challenges. If you've got a cereal rye field where the rye's only three inches tall, it's kind of hard to crimp it at that stage. It's easier when the cover crop's a little bigger. If the field is really wet, that can be a challenging situation to use the roller crimper because it just tends to press the stems into the soil and doesn't really truly break the stem or crimp it. So sometimes in that situation, somebody needs to go over it again when it's a little drier.
And the other thing is if we have a really thick mat of cover crops, let's say the rye has already gotten five feet tall and maybe it's got some hairy vetch in there, people that have seen that, you know it's a pretty thick mat of cover crops and it can be a little difficult to completely kill it with a roller crimper, at least with a single pass. Again, you might have to make a couple passes to totally get it. But having said all that, in a lot of cases it does work pretty effectively. Not everybody wants to do it because a lot of roller crimpers are only 10 or 20 feet wide, so it takes a while to get over the acreage. There are options to get wider ones, but we see it being used not only by organic farmers, but those that are wanting alternative means to terminate a spring cover.
Mackane Vogel:Yeah, good points. All right, well now let's go back to the planting green topic and, like you said, let's discuss some of the pros and cons.
Rob Myers:Yeah, planting green is something that a decade ago we saw almost... Well, I mean there were a few people doing it, but not very many, let's put it that way. And now it's become a fairly common practice. And our last National Cover Crop Survey over half of the farmers said they were doing it on at least some of their fields. So the first thing I would say is that where it's particularly helpful is when we do have a wetter spring, it can help manage that soil moisture. So a field that has an actively growing cover crop may be able to be planted earlier than a field that doesn't because that cover crop is helping get rid of some of that excess moisture. Also, we see some benefits just from better drainage in a field that's been cover cropped and no-tilled.
The planting green approach can also be really helpful for weed management. When we think of some of our challenges with herbicide-resistant weeds, we know we're losing out on some of the chemistries that used to control them as herbicides. So keeping that cover crop alive for longer, especially if it's something like cereal rye or another winter cereal can really help with certain herbicide-resistant weeds. So those are a couple of the biggest reasons we would do planting green. Now, there could be other reasons like if it's a legume, letting more nitrogen fixation happen or just the general goal of getting more carbon into the soil and building our soil organic matter, soil health over time. So there are some benefits.
The downside, one of them I already mentioned, which is letting the soil dry out too much. So we've got to be aware of that. Another is that unlike when you're planting into cereal rye that's maybe only three inches tall, you can probably use your corn planter or soybean planter the way it would be used in a conventional field. If you're planting into a thick cover crop biomass, you do need to make some adjustments to your planter. That could be as simple as maybe changing the closing wheels from rubber wheels to steel wheels, particularly ones that have some sort of spikes on them. Sometimes it can be a matter maybe for somebody that's been doing no-till but without cover crops, they may be used to running a no-till culture, sometimes we lift that no-till culture off the ground when we're planting into a deep cover crop residue, and the idea is we want as much down pressure on those double disc openers as we can get.
And then we also have to watch what's happening with insects, in particular. There's been some research going on to try to figure out whether insects in some diseases are worse in planting green situations versus earlier termination. And I would say, if I had to just summarize it overall, the jury is still out a little bit. It, of course, depends on the location and the particular pest we're looking at. Planting green can be an advantage in that it provides habitat for some beneficial insects that can eat the pest insects, but it can also be a situation where that pest insect is, let's say, it's a cutworm, is eating on the cover crop and then when the cover crop dies, it moves over to that emerging cash crop. So timing can be an issue. It may be an advantage to let that cover crop live an extra week or so so that the pest will keep eating the cover crop instead of eating the corn seedlings.
So that's something to kind of be scouting for. But I wouldn't say that's a routine problem, but it is an occasional problem. And then we have seen situations with voles and slugs occasionally being worse where we have a lot of cover crop biomass, and that can be true of just even a lot of no-till residue as well. And there are some steps that can be taken to manage or prepare for those pests. But there are some issues, I wouldn't say planting green is the perfect choice all the time. But we do see a lot of farmers that get experience with cover crops are finding it beneficial in at least some of their fields and rotations.
Mackane Vogel:We'll come back to the episode in a moment, but first I'd like to thank our sponsor, Sound Agriculture for supporting today's podcast. Did you know you can build a water and nutrient superhighway in your soil? You just need the Maximum Acre Solution from Sound Agriculture, the easiest way to maximize your crop's access to nutrients all season long. First, Source turns your soil into a nutrient factory, then Blueprint builds the delivery network by expanding the crops reach beyond the roots. For the Maximum Acre solution that provides bigger, healthier crops, source it with Blueprint. Talk to your dealer or visit sound.ag. And now let's get back to the discussion with Rob Myers.
Do you think that there are certain regions or soil types that lend themselves better or worse to planting green?
Rob Myers:Yeah, that's an interesting question. I think if you have a really light textured soil that's low in organic manner, that is a situation where if I were farming that ground, I would want to get as much cover crop growth as I could to help address that low organic matter. And in a lighter textured soil, you're probably not going to have too many problems with really wet challenging conditions in the spring. Now, you have to be a little careful because it could also dry out faster, and so that's something to watch enough.
Let's go to the other extreme. You have kind of a heavy clay, poorly drained soil, I think planting green could help in that situation as well because, again, those plants are transpiring some of the moisture that's in the soil, and so they're helping get that soil into better shape for having more moderate amounts of moisture rather than being excessively wet. Probably where we see it being used the least is on well-drained, highly productive soils. I think farmers are not feeling as much need from an organic matter standpoint. Let's say they've already got 4% organic matter, what might drive them to use it in that situation is the weed control benefits I mentioned earlier or cover crop grazing, and perhaps we'll have time to talk about that as well.
Mackane Vogel:Yeah, absolutely. We'll get to grazing in a little bit here. Before we do, let's talk a little bit about cover crop residue. Is there any particular issues that you'd like to be aware of if you're spraying residual herbicides onto a real heavy cover crop residue?
Rob Myers:Yeah, that's definitely an important point. We're learning as more people are doing planting green or otherwise planting into a lot of cover crop residue that we do have to think a little bit about our strategy with residual herbicides. Some, but not all, of our residual herbicides need good contact with the soil to be effective. So that's usually clear from the label or information that's available online or check with maybe an extension agent or rep from the company selling the product. But if it is a product that needs good contact with the soil, you may find that you don't get good activity when you've got a lot of cover crop biomass.
And I wouldn't say it's always a problem because some of these herbicides are somewhat soluble and let's say you get a rain like we commonly do in the spring, it may wash that herbicide off of the cover crop residue and down to the soil. But there are some of the chemicals that are not going to wash off as easily, or if they've been sitting there on the plants for a while, over time they're going to be less likely to wash off.
So what I know one of our weed extension specialists here at University of Missouri suggests if you've got that situation where you've got a lot of cover crop residue and you've got a residual chemical you want to put on that needs good soil contact, it's probably a situation just to wait later than you normally would've. You may wait three or four weeks to put that residual on, maybe put it on at the same time you're doing that first post-emergence spray. It's not what we're used to, but there's kind of a hidden benefit of that, which is that a lot of our residual chemicals don't last the whole summer.
In other words, later weeds are going to be able to emerge because that residual herbicide started to break down due to sunlight and other conditions. So if we're putting it on later, we get more benefit of it later in the season. And you may be thinking, "Well, what about those first few weeks of corn and soybean growth?" Well, if you've got a thick cover crop residue, normally that residue is doing a pretty good job of suppressing those really early weeds. Now, yes, later you're probably going to see some weeds coming through that residue. So that's something that I've heard some weed scientists suggest is considering depending on the particular product, delaying that residual.
Now a couple other thoughts are if we're seeing really good weed control from that thick cover crop biomass, it may be a situation where for that particular field we can get by with just doing our post-emergence herbicide applications. I've had quite a few farmers tell me that they just kind of observe what's going on in the field. If they feel like they've got good early season weed control, they may just hold off on doing that residual and just go with a post-emergence spray. Again, you could still put that residual on later, maybe at the time you're doing the post-emerge. So definitely some things to think about or could be a situation where you switch to a different residual product that doesn't need direct soil contact as much to be effective.
Mackane Vogel:All right, good notes there as well. Well, like we mentioned, let's kind of wrap up this discussion with some grazing tips. I mean, I think certainly spring grazing of cover crops is a viable option for some growers. What might they want to know about that process this time of year?
Rob Myers:Yeah, we're seeing grazing of cover crops get more and more popular. From our national farmer surveys, about half of the farmers that graze only spring or fall do spring grazing. There are many that do both fall and spring. The one thing I would say about spring grazing, of course, that's when we do have our most biomass for a lot of our cover crop species, so we can get some really good rate of gain on our cattle or other grazing livestock, but we do have to kind of be conscious, especially with some of the winter cereals as they get into heading out and reproductive growth, the palatability of those cereals starts to go down. That's particularly true for rye.
Most grazing animals like rye while it's still vegetative, but once it started to head out, they're less interested in eating it. Now they may still eat it some, but they're going to prefer to have it earlier in the season. So you've got to kind of watch the timing. Something else like wheat, they may be a little more tolerant of eating once it's starting to head. But again, the farther they get into development, the more lignin they get in the stems and the cattle start to be less interested in eating it and the rate of gain can be affected. So you don't want to wait too late to graze it. So it's kind of a matter of just watching how that growth is growing.
The other thing I get questions about with grazing is, "Am I going to get a lot of compaction issues?" For the most part, we hear farmers say that are grazing cover crops that even though the field may look a little messy, especially if you have them out there early in the spring, that they find that soil compaction is in most cases not a big problem. In fact, I've heard farmers grazing cover crops say they feel like they have better till, that it's easier to pull the corn planter through the field that's been grazed. And again, it might look a little messy from the hoof action. You do have to think a little bit about waterers not letting them congregate too much around the watering device, removing the water frequently to avoid that, but it's proving to be a pretty profitable approach.
Mackane Vogel:And how about logistically? I think we often hear about grazing mentioned as that final and often most elusive piece of the soil health puzzle just because maybe there's growers that want to do it, but logistics-wise they don't have the proper fencing or they don't have access to it, or you even hear about some farmers barring neighbor's cattle to graze or allowing them to graze on their property. I guess from a logistic standpoint, what are some of your options if you are one of those farmers that wants to get involved in it but doesn't seem like logistically it's going to be a really easy thing to get involved in?
Rob Myers:Well, that question of not having your own animals to graze is a common one, of course. And we do find that there are farmers more and more often working with a neighbor that has some grazing animals they can bring in. There's a variety of strategies for figuring out rental rates from that. The most common is to charge a per day rate and then be conscious of having a written contract with a definite end date and then a penalty for keeping the animals out there longer, maybe doubling or tripling the grazing rate for any days beyond the target date so you don't run into an issue where the livestock are out there longer than you want and you're trying to plant corn. So that's one thing to think about is just having a written contract for that agreement.
The other is, as you mentioned, you may not have the fencing anymore. A lot of our row crop fields just don't have any fencing, and it may not seem worth it to go up and put permanent fencing around the field or especially to divide it into paddocks that would be in the way the fencing in terms of managing the row crop. So the new thing I'm excited about, and I know a lot of others are really interested in is what we call virtual fencing. And this is where we've got four companies in the US now that are just in the last year or two starting to sell these virtual fencing collars that for the most part are aimed at cattle, either beef for dairy cattle, but there is one company selling for sheep and goats as well.
The animal wears this collar, and the collar does a few things. It has a GPS device in it that helps locate where that animal is so that you as the person managing that grazing area can on your phone, tablet or computer draw the boundary you want the animal to be grazing at that moment in time. And the GPS device in that collar will know when that grazing animal gets close to that boundary you created. And what it will do is start to emit a noise of some type that the cattle will quickly learn to respect. Because if they don't respect it and keep walking a few feet further, they'll get an electric shock. So everything I've learned is that the animals learn pretty quickly to respect that auditory noise and very rarely get shocked after they've gone through a week or so of training to learn how to respond to that.
So they're learning from that GPS signal and that auditory signal to turn around. But there's other advantages of the system. We can know where the animals are. Are they grazing actively? Is there one that's not moving for a long time? Maybe there's a health issue we need to check on. If they should happen to get out, let's say a pack of loose dogs comes along and drives some of them out, you're notified that they're out of the boundary and you can even redraw that boundary on your phone, tablet, or computer, or they may just rejoin the herd because there's no penalty to crossing that virtual boundary to go back into where they're grazing.
So this virtual fencing is showing promise. These collars, besides the GPS device and the sound emitting device and shock device also have typically a solar panel to charge a battery that powers those electrical functions. And these collars are worn on adult animals, not young animals. They are proving to be fairly effective. Now, somebody needs to evaluate whether the economics work for their situation. And there's going to be a lot of research going, we're just starting a project with these, working with farmers to see how they do, working with products from several companies. But I think this may help us address this issue of not having a lot of fencing around our crop fields.
I will add, and this is a really important point, that if it's a field that is near any sort of roadway, we definitely recommend having a physical fence, whether it's an electric fence or a non-electric physical fence, just for not only the safety of the animals, but of course the safety of drivers on that road. Now, yes, maybe if you're way back on a farm or in a ranch a long way from a road, you don't need to worry about that. But these virtual fencing collars do allow us to move the animals regularly. So maybe instead of having them out on an 80-acre cornfield where they can go anywhere in the 80 acres, you can set it up so they're moving in small increments. Maybe you've got a herd of 40 cows grazing an acre a day and they're just being moved regularly without a lot of really any significant labor other than dealing with a watering issue. You're not having to move electric fence or otherwise create paddocks. So it may not be there appropriate for every situation, but I think it shows a lot of promise for cover crop grazing.
Mackane Vogel:Yeah, it's really interesting. I've heard more and more about those programs and those companies as well. It's really interesting. I got one more grazing question for you, which is, let's say you're a farmer and you've got cover crops, you've got no-till implemented already on your program, and how much more benefit are you maybe going to be able to get from implementing grazing as a practice onto your operation? Is it worth kind of adding that in if you've already got some decent soil health principles going on on your field?
Rob Myers:Well, the clearest benefit in the short-term is the economic benefit. There've been a number of studies, and we've done some through my office, that show it is in most cases pretty darn profitable to graze cover crops. Now, yes, you have to think about the fencing and water, and if you don't have those, you're going to have some upfront costs that may make it take a couple of years for it to truly pay for itself. But having said that, that is a big driver I think in people doing it.
For the soil health benefits, I think when you look at all the evidence out there, there are some clear long-term soil health benefits. I will acknowledge that there have been some university studies and other studies that show if you just look like over a two or maybe three-year period, you may not see dramatic changes in soil health from grazing animals, whether it's the cover crops or pasture situations. But when we look at the farmers that have been doing this for a while and studies that have been done on their farms, we do see that it seems to help speed up soil health improvements in a lot of situations, maybe not every situation.
I will point out that if we just think about the way nature has worked, our microbes that are in the soil did evolve with grazing animals, whether it was buffalo or deer in the forest or whatever it was. And when we have just the cornfield where you don't have an environment like what those soil microbes evolved in, they're used to having animal manure, urine, saliva, and I think that's part of why these systems seem to work as well as they do, is that we're creating a little bit more of a soil environment that that soil microbial community is used to. And that's probably why we're seeing some of these soil health benefits that we do. So more to be learned, but overall, I think the picture is positive.
Mackane Vogel:All right, well, any closing thoughts? Any last spring management tips that we haven't discussed here that you think we ought to throw out there before we wrap up here, Rob?
Rob Myers:Well, unlike you, I'm excited about spring coming back. It is a good time here in the next few weeks to be watching how the cover crops are doing. Paying attention to that soil moisture, like I said, is really important. When we've got a cover crop growing, of course they can grow very rapidly as we get later in the spring. So I continue to believe they're really valuable for our farming operations. But a little bit of management in the spring is worth doing to get optimum results and avoid problems. So best wishes to everybody that's trying their cover crops.
Mackane Vogel:Absolutely. I know I certainly can't wait for field day season. That's my favorite part about working in agriculture is getting back out on the field and seeing some cool stuff in person. So we'll be here before we know it. And thanks as always for your insights, Rob.
Rob Myers:You bet. Happy to be here.
Mackane Vogel:That's all for this episode of the Cover Crop Strategies Podcast. Thanks to today's guest, Rob Myers. And thanks as always to our sponsor, Sound Agriculture for helping to make this podcast possible. The transcript of this episode and our archives of previous podcast episodes are both available at covercropstrategies.com/podcasts. For our entire staff here at Cover Crop Strategies, I'm Mackane Vogel. Thanks for listening and have a great day.
